Why Alternatives Matter

Research consistently shows that exclusionary discipline (suspension and expulsion):

• Does not improve student behavior
• Increases the likelihood of students dropping out
• Disproportionately impacts Black, Latino, Native American, and students with disabilities
• Contributes to the school-to-prison pipeline

California law now requires schools to consider alternatives before suspending students (EC §48900.5).

Evidence-Based Alternatives

Tier 1 — Universal (All Students)

• Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) — School-wide framework teaching behavioral expectations
• Social-Emotional Learning (SEL) — Curricula that build self-awareness, empathy, and decision-making
• Clear and consistent classroom expectations — Posted, taught, and practiced regularly
• Restorative practices — Community-building circles, affective statements

Tier 2 — Targeted (At-Risk Students)

• Check-In/Check-Out (CICO) — Daily progress monitoring with a mentor
• Small group counseling — Social skills groups, anger management, or conflict resolution
• Behavior contracts — Written agreements with specific goals and rewards
• Mentoring programs — Paired with adult or peer mentors
• Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) — Identifying triggers and developing plans

Tier 3 — Intensive (Students with Chronic Issues)

• Individual behavior intervention plans (BIP) — Tailored strategies based on FBA
• Wraparound services — Coordinated school, family, and community support
• Student Study Team (SST) — Multi-disciplinary team reviewing academic and behavioral needs
• Referral to community mental health — When school-based services are insufficient
• Alternative education placement — Community day school or independent study

Implementation Tips for Deans/Counselors

1. Track data — Monitor which alternatives are used and their effectiveness
2. Train staff — Ensure teachers know how to implement Tier 1 strategies
3. Communicate with families — Involve parents/guardians early in the intervention process
4. Document everything — Keep records of interventions tried for due process compliance
5. Celebrate progress — Recognize students who respond positively to interventions